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RUN-A-NODE: a measured note on JVM heap sizing. On one machine, one database and one chain within a single hour: -Xmx4500m gave 89 OutOfMemoryError and a dead import, 3200m gave ~1,500 blocks/min with repeated download failures, 2400m gave ~82,000 blocks/min with no OOM at all. Heap is not memory: the storage engine keeps its cache off-heap, and at six million blocks that part is larger than the heap. If you see OutOfMemoryError, try a SMALLER -Xmx

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@ -158,6 +158,23 @@ the network's reading nodes, and validates every hybrid anchor there, since 2026
---
## Sizing the JVM heap: bigger is not faster
Measured 2026-09-06 on one machine, one database, one chain, inside a single hour, syncing chain 2800
from genesis in a Linux VM with 8 GB of RAM:
| `-Xmx` | what happened | blocks per minute |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 4500m | 89 `OutOfMemoryError`, process at 7.1 GB RSS, import stopped dead | 0 |
| 3200m | still 24 OOM per 500 log lines, repeated `Chain download failed` | ~1,500 |
| 2400m | no OOM at all | ~82,000 |
The reason is that **heap is not the same as memory**: Besu's storage engine keeps its block cache and
its write buffers OUTSIDE the Java heap, and at six million blocks that off-heap part is larger than the
heap itself. A heap sized to fill the machine leaves nothing for it, and the node spends its time in GC
and failed downloads instead of importing. Give the JVM roughly a third of the RAM you have, not all of
it, and leave the rest to the database and the operating system. If you see `OutOfMemoryError` in the
log, the first thing to try is a SMALLER `-Xmx`, not a larger one.
## The configuration a follower passes (BESU_OPTS)
The Aere fork reads its per-node configuration from JVM system properties passed through the